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1 Reason, Richard Edmund
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 21 December 1903 Exeter, Devon, Englandd. 20 March 1987 Great Bowden, Leicestershire, England[br]English metrologist who developed instruments for measuring machined-surface roughness.[br]Richard Edmund Reason was educated at Tonbridge School and the Royal College of Science (Imperial College), where he studied under Professor A.F.C.Pollard, Professor of Technical Optics. After graduating in 1925 he joined Taylor, Taylor and Hobson Ltd, Leicester, manufacturers of optical, electrical and scientific instruments, and remained with that firm throughout his career. One of his first contributions was in the development, with E.F.Fincham, of the Fincham Coincidence Optometer. At this time the firm, under William Taylor, was mainly concerned with optical instruments and lens manufacture, but in the 1930s Reason was also engaged in developing means for measuring the roughness of machined surfaces. The need for establishing standards and methods of measurement of surface finish was called for when the subcontracting of aero-engine components became necessary during the Second World War. This led to the development by Reason of an instrument in which a stylus was moved across the surface and the profile recorded electronically. This was called the Talysurf and was first produced in 1941. Further development followed, and from 1947 Reason tackled the problem of measuring roundness, producing the first Talyrond machine in 1949. The technology developed for these instruments was used in the production of others such as the Talymin Comparator and the Talyvel electronic level. Reason was also associated with the development of optical projection systems to measure the profile of parts such as gear teeth, screw threads and turbine blades. He retired in 1968 but continued as a consultant to the company. He served for many years on committees of the British Standards Institution on surface metrology and was a representative of Britain at the International Standards Organization.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsOBE 1967. FRS 1971. Honorary DSc University of Birmingham 1969. Honorary DSc Leicester University 1971.Further ReadingD.J.Whitehouse, 1990, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 36, London, pp. 437–62 (an illustrated obituary notice listing Reason's eighty-nine British patents, published between 1930 and 1972, and his twenty-one publications, dating from 1937 to 1966).K.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, 113–21 (contains a shorter account of Reason's work).RTS -
2 Johansson, Carl Edvard
[br]b. 15 March 1864 Orebro, Swedend. 30 September 1943 Eskilstuna, Sweden[br]Swedish metrologist and inventor of measuring-gauge blocks.[br]Carl Edvard Johansson was first apprenticed to a shoemaker, but he soon abandoned that career. In 1882 he went to America to join his brother Arvid working at a sawmill in the summer; in winter the brothers obtained further general education at the Gustavus Adolphus College at St Peter, Minnesota. They returned to Sweden in November 1884 and in the following year Carl obtained employment with a small engineering firm which rented a workshop in the government small-arms factory at Eskilstuna. In his spare time he attended the Eskilstuna Technical College and in 1888 he was accepted as an apprentice armourer inspector. After completion of his apprenticeship he was appointed an armourer inspector, and it was in his work of inspection that he realized that the large number of gauges then required could be reduced if several accurate gauges could be used in combination. This was in 1896, and the first set of gauges was made for use in the rifle factory. With these, any dimension between 1 mm and 201 mm could be made up to the nearest 0.01 mm, the gauges having flat polished surfaces that would adhere together by "wringing". Johansson obtained patents for the system from 1901, but it was not until c.1907 that the sets of gauges were marketed generally. Gauges were made in inch units for Britain and America—slightly different as the standards were not then identical. Johansson formed his own company to manufacture the gauges in 1910, but he did not give up his post in the rifle factory until 1914. By the 1920s Johansson gauges were established as the engineering dimensional standards for the whole world; the company also made other precision measuring instruments such as micrometers and extensometers. A new company, C.E.Johansson Inc., was set up in America for manufacture and sales, and the gauges were extensively used in the American automobile industry. Henry Ford took a special interest and Johansson spent several years in a post with the Ford Motor Company in Detroit, Michigan, until he returned to Sweden in 1936.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary Doctorates, Gustavus Adolphus College, St Peter and Wayne University, Detroit. Swedish Engineering Society John Ericsson Gold Medal. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Gold Medal.Further ReadingK.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, pp. 54–66 (a short biography).RTS -
3 Taylor, William
[br]b. 11 June 1865 London, Englandd. 28 February 1937 Laughton, Leicestershire, England[br]English mechanical engineer and metrologist, originator of standard screw threads for lens mountings and inventor of "Dimple" golf balls.[br]William Taylor served an apprenticeship from 1880 to 1885 in London with Paterson and Cooper, electrical engineers and instrument makers. He studied at the Finsbury Technical College under Professors W.E.Ayrton (1847–1908) and John Perry (1850–1920). He remained with Paterson and Cooper until 1887, when he joined his elder brother, who had set up in Leicester as a manufacturer of optical instruments. The firm was then styled T.S. \& W.Taylor and a few months later, when H.W.Hobson joined them as a partner, it became Taylor, Taylor and Hobson, as it was known for many years.William Taylor was mainly responsible for technical developments in the firm and he designed the special machine tools required for making lenses and their mountings. However, his most notable work was in originating methods of measuring and gauging screw threads. He proposed a standard screw-thread for lens mountings that was adopted by the Royal Photographic Society, and he served on screw thread committees of the British Standards Institution and the British Association. His interest in golf led him to study the flight of the golf ball, and he designed and patented the "Dimple" golf ball and a mechanical driving machine for testing golf balls.He was an active member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, being elected Associate Member in 1894, Member in 1901 and Honorary Life Member in 1936. He served on the Council from 1918 and was President in 1932. He took a keen interest in engineering education and advocated the scientific study of materials, processes and machine tools, and of management. His death occurred suddenly while he was helping to rescue his son's car from a snowdrift.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsOBE 1918. FRS 1934. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1932.Further ReadingK.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, 110–21 (a short account of William Taylor and of Taylor, Taylor and Hobson).RTS -
4 Zeiss, Carl
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 11 September 1816 Weimar, Thuringia, Germanyd. 3 December 1888 Jena, Saxony, Germany[br]German lens manufacturer who introduced scientific method to the production of compound microscopes and made possible the production of the first anastigmatic photographic objectives.[br]After completing his early education in Weimar, Zeiss became an apprentice to the engineer Dr Frederick Koerner. As part of his training, Zeiss was required to travel widely and he visited Vienna, Berlin, Stuttgart and Darmstadt to study his trade. In 1846 he set up a business of his own, an optical workshop in Jena, where he began manufacturing magnifying glasses and microscopes. Much of his work was naturally for the university there and he had the co-operation of some of the University staff in the development of precision instruments. By 1858 he was seeking to make more expensive compound microscopes, but he found the current techniques primitive and laborious. He decided that it was necessary to introduce scientific method to the design of the optics, and in 1866 he sought the advice of a professor of physics at the University of Jena, Ernst Abbe (1840–1905). It took Zeiss until 1869 to persuade Abbe to join his company, and two difficult years were spent working on the calculations before success was achieved. Within a few more years the Zeiss microscope had earned a worldwide reputation for quality. Abbe became a full partner in the Zeiss business in 1875. In 1880 Abbe began an association with Friedrich Otte Schott that was to lead to the establishment of the famous Jena glass works in 1884. With the support of the German government, Jena was to become the centre of world production of new optical glasses for photographic objectives.In 1886 the distinguished mathematician and optician Paul Rudolph joined Zeiss at Jena. After Zeiss's death, Rudolph went on to use the characteristics of the new glass to calculate the first anastigmatic lenses. Immediately successful and widely imitated, the anastigmats were also the first of a long series of Zeiss photographic objectives that were to be at the forefront of lens design for years to come. Abbe took over the management of the company and developed it into an internationally famous organization.[br]Further ReadingL.W.Sipley, 1965, Photography's Great Inventors, Philadelphia (a brief biography). J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York.K.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, 122–32 (includes a short account of Carl Zeiss and his company).JW / RTS -
5 шаг
1) General subject: bat, crotch (брюк), foot, footpace, footstep, increment (аукциона), lick, merengue, move, pace, remove, step, stride, thread (винта), walk, bid step (аукциона), integral multiple2) Computers: increment size3) Biology: pitch (спирали ДНК), step (вид аллюра), tread (лошади), walk (тип аллюра)4) Aviation: pitch setting, (напр. воздушного винта) pitch5) Colloquial: batt6) Military: pitch (винтовой нарезки)7) Engineering: increment (приращения), interval (сетки частот), lead (спирали, винта), pitch, spacing (интервал), travel8) Agriculture: natural walk, pitch (цепи, расстановки рабочих органов и т.п.), step (вид аллюра лошади)9) History: shag (Народное украинское название с 16 до середины 19 в. монеты в 3 гроша), shah10) Chemistry: stage11) Construction: pitch (резьбы, постановки болтов и пр.), lead (винта)13) Railway term: complete transposition section, spacing (обмотки; заклёпок или зубьев)15) Diplomatic term: act20) Jargon: bottom line, gunboats (особенно длинный)21) Information technology: augment, augmentation, character pitch, iteration (в итеративном процессе), seq, stroke22) Oil: span (между приёмниками)23) Astronautics: pitches24) Mechanic engineering: spacing apart25) Radiolocation: step angle (поиска)26) Metrology: pitch (дифракционной решётки)27) Mechanics: block skip28) Packing: (запечатывающей машины) repeat length29) Polymers: separation, throw30) Programming: step size (напр. в итерационных процедурах)33) Robots: tact34) Makarov: increment size (размер инкремента), incrementation, lead (винта или червяка), movement, period, sample, travelling, tread, trip, twist (винта)35) Horse breeding: walk (вид аллюра)36) Combustion gas turbines: pitch (между лопатками) -
6 рассеяние
1) General subject: Diaspora, dispersion, dissipation, leakage, scatter2) Geology: dispersion (света)3) Medicine: scattering4) Engineering: diffusion (света, звука), dispersal (загрязнений), leakage (магнитного или светового потока), leaking (магнитного или светового потока), precision (результатов), straying5) History: Diaspora (особ. о евреях)6) Mathematics: concentration, spreading, straggling8) Mining: dissemination (напр. масс урана и тория в кристаллических породах)10) Telecommunications: broadening12) Electronics: leak, reradiation14) Oil: scatter15) Astronautics: attenuation, dispersing16) Metrology: precision (результатов), spread (результатов)17) Business: variance18) Drilling: dissolution19) Makarov: degradation, dispersal (света, волн, частиц), dispersion (напр. излучения), dispersion (разброс параметров, данных), dissemination, dissipation (напр. мощности), dissipation (энергии, мощности), leakage (о магнитном потоке), leaking (магнитного потока), precision (результатов измерений), scattering (света, волн, частиц), spread (разброс параметров, данных)20) Electrical engineering: leakage (магнитного потока) -
7 фон
1) General subject: background, background noise (шумов или помех), champ (вышивки, рисунка), context, field (картины и т. п.), foil, fond, ground, ground color, ground-color, groundwork2) Computers: back-ground, backdrop3) Aviation: overhead4) Naval: sensation (единица громкости)5) Engineering: ground noise, hum, phon (единица измерения уровня громкости), sensation unit6) Accounting: background (напр. при прогнозировании)7) Linguistics: phone8) Architecture: setting9) Diplomatic term: back-drop (тж. перен.), backdrop (тж. перен.)10) Painting: impression, naked12) Metallurgy: back-ground noise, base electrolyte, ground electrolyte13) Music: DC offset14) Polygraphy: Ben Day, Ben Day (из штрихов или точек), benday, benday (из штрихов или точек)15) Psychology: sound unit16) Telecommunications: background signal17) Textile: bottom, plain weave ground18) Physics: phone (единица громкости - в децибелах)19) Electronics: hum noise20) Information technology: background (Область, служащая подложкой для отображения различных графических элементов), background color, feep sound (работающего терминала), history (экспериментального исследования), hum (от сети переменного тока), phon (единица уровня громкости)21) Oil: background (сейсмический), no flow line (на каротажной диаграмме)22) Genetics: (при программировании карты планшета) Blank23) Astronautics: background noise24) Metrology: background noise, phon (единица уровня громкости)25) Ecology: ambient noise, hub noise26) Advertising: backcloth, bottom shade27) Automation: ground (при рассмотрении микроструктуры)28) Aviation medicine: background (заболевания), baseline, groundbased baseline (на Земле)29) Makarov: back, background (театр., кино), background (фоновое или среднее содержание какого-л. элемента), background effect, background mode (напр., рисунка), backing, floor, noise, phon (внесистемная единица уровня громкости звука)30) SAP.tech. background area, bkgd31) Aluminium industry: bulk electrolyte32) Electrical engineering: random noise34) Microsoft: background graphics -
8 center
центр; пункт; пост; узел; середина; научпо-иселсдовагсльскпй центр, НИЦ; выводить на середину; арт. корректировать; центрировать;air C3 center — центр руководства, управления и связи ВВС
general supply (commodity) center — центр [пункт] снабжения предметами общего предназначения
hard launch (operations) control center — ркт. центр [пункт] управления пуском, защищенный от (поражающих факторов) ЯВ
launch (operations) control center — ркт. пункт управления стартового комплекса [пуском ракет]
tactical fighter weapons (employment development) center — центр разработки способов боевого применения оружия истребителей ТА
— all-sources intelligence center— C center— combat control center— educational center— logistical operations center— logistics services center— operational center— secured communications center— skill development center -
9 град
1) General subject: avalanche (пуль, ударов), cannonade (замечаний, вопросов, критики), deluge (вопросов), flight (стрел, пуль и т. п.), hail, hailing distance, rain (ударов и т п), shatter (осколков, камней и т.п.), shower (пуль, вопросов), shower of hail, spray (пуль), storm, volley (упреков и т. п.)2) Aviation: hail precipitation3) Naval: grad, hail stone4) Engineering: hail shower5) History: town7) Astronautics: deg8) Cartography: grad (1/400 часть окружности)9) Metrology: grade (0,0157 рад)10) Ecology: glazed rain, hailstorm -
10 мера длины
1) General subject: long measure, perch (=5, 03 м), pole (=5, 029 м), rod (5 м), thumb (приравниваемая к одному дюйму)2) Naval: league (3 морских мили), rod (около 5 метров), stade3) Obsolete: gad4) Engineering: bar (в виде стержня или бруска), length gage, measure of length, measuring bar (в виде стержня или бруска)7) Automobile industry: line (0.1 дюйма), linear measure, rod (16, 5 футов = 4, 86 м)8) Mining: English ell (114, 2 см), French ell (137, 1 см), Scotch ell (94, 4 см), hand (=10,16 см), link, perch (5,03 м), plantation pole (7 ярдам), pole (5, 02 м), rod (4, 86 м)9) Textile: perch (равная 5,5 ярдов или 5,03 м), rod (16,5 футов или 4,86 м)10) Metrology: length gauge11) Automation: length bar12) Makarov: length standard -
11 осциллограмма
1) General subject: oscillogram2) Medicine: trace3) Engineering: oscillograph trace, oscilloscope display, oscilloscope pattern, oscilloscope picture, oscilloscope trace, tracing (кривой)4) Metallurgy: scope pattern5) Physics: oscillograph record, oscilloscope record6) Electronics: oscillograph7) Astronautics: oscillograph recording8) Metrology: scope trace9) Automation: time history10) Makarov: CRO display (на осциллоскопе), oscillogram (на осциллографе), oscillograph record (на осциллографе) -
12 ярмо
2) Literal: bondage3) Engineering: burden, magnet frame4) Agriculture: oxbow (для быка или вола)5) History: haulm7) Metallurgy: yoke (магнита или электромагнита)8) Scottish language: jougs (орудие пытки)9) Electronics: framework, heelpiece (электромагнита)11) Automation: yoke (напр. электромагнита)12) Makarov: magnet frame (магнита), yoke mark (порок шкуры)
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